Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Abstract: This article establishes the existence of Lyapunov functions for analyzing the stability of a class of state-constrained systems, and it describes algorithms for their numerical computation.

Discover how the equation of exchange links money supply, velocity of money, and price levels, influencing inflation and economic activity. Learn key formulas and impacts.

An equation of the form \(y = mx + c\) where \(m\) and \(c\) are numbers, gives a straight line when values of \(x\) and corresponding values of \(y\) are plotted on a grid. A straight line is a ...