In 2025, large language models moved beyond benchmarks to efficiency, reliability, and integration, reshaping how AI is ...

In a new paper from OpenAI, the company proposes a framework for analyzing AI systems' chain-of-thought reasoning to understand how, when, and why they misbehave.

An interactive toolbox for standardizing, validating, simulating, reducing, and exploring detailed biophysical models that can be used to reveal how morpho-electric properties map to dendritic and ...

A disease model is an animal or cells displaying all or some of the pathological processes that are observed in the actual human or animal disease. Studying disease models aids understanding of how ...

Abstract: In this article, we present a model-free output feedback (OPFB) Q-learning algorithm to find the optimal Nash equilibrium strategy for the decentralized control problem (DCP) of nonzero-sum ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Eric's career includes extensive work in ...

This paper studies the equilibrium and welfare implications of quantitative trade models with sector-level external economies of scale (EES). While empirical evidence highlights the importance of EES, ...

Abstract: This paper explores a novel class of event-triggered mechanisms for nonlinear systems utilizing output-feedback control. Initially, an output-feedback state observer is designed to estimate ...