To adapt to changing environmental pressures, bacteria have developed various methods that allow them to uptake exogenous DNA and incorporate it into their own genomes. One of these processes is ...

Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. During conjugation, one bacterium serves as the donor of the genetic material, and the ...

Conjugate vaccines are composed of bacterial polysaccharide antigens covalently linked to protein carriers, enabling T cell-dependent immune responses that induce high-affinity antibodies and ...