During sterile injury or infection, the innate immune system produces cytokines as part of the innate immune response. Molecules such as the cytokines tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1 as well ...
Neural reflex regulation of immune responses depends on the type and tissue compartment of the inflammatory response Although immune cells respond to cholinergic receptor activation, immune organs ...
Reflexes are automatic and involuntary actions the body produces in response to certain stimuli. While some reflexes can involve muscles and movement, others involve internal processes within the body ...
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